The article examines the role of human resource management as a key factor in ensuring the sustainable development of entrepreneurial structures in rural communities of Ukraine. It is substantiated that under the conditions of decentralization, wartime challenges, and structural transformation of the national economy, human capital becomes a determining component of local business resilience, its adaptability, innovation capacity, and ability to generate new added value. The study demonstrates that effective human resource policies integrate social, economic, and institutional dimensions, fostering higher labour productivity, enterprise competitiveness, and social stability within communities. Based on official statistical data, the interrelation between the volume of investment in personnel and enterprise performance indicators was analysed. It was revealed that increasing expenditures on employee training, social programs, and the digitalization of HR processes contribute to a significant rise in value added and sales volumes, confirming the presence of a multiplier effect of human capital investment. To empirically validate these findings, a monographic analysis of personnel management systems was conducted among enterprises of different scales located within rural territorial communities. The results proved that the level of HR institutionalization directly affects business adaptability: small enterprises are characterized by informal personnel management, medium-sized firms by transitional models, and large enterprises by mature HR systems focused on leadership development, digitalization, and corporate culture. A cluster analysis of Ukraine’s regions was carried out according to indicators of investment in personnel, labour productivity, and innovation activity, which made it possible to identify types of regions with varying HR policy quality and sustainable development potential. It was found that regions with advanced HR practices demonstrate higher dynamics of entrepreneurial growth and social resilience, whereas human resource inertia constrains local business development. The study concludes that human resource management in rural entrepreneurial structures functions as a strategic mechanism for strengthening economic stability, driving innovation, and promoting the social responsibility of business.